Mars Maps by Schiaparelli (1877-1890)

Published: 2016.02.02.

1877 (publ. 1878)

G.V. Schiaparelli: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull’asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del pianeta Marte fatte nella Reale Specola di Brera in Milano coll’equatoriale di Merz durante l’opposizione del 1877. Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, Memorie della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Roma, 1878. p308- M. 1. ser. 3. v. 2.

Mappa Aerographica 1876-77
Mercator/Stereographic Projection
G. V. Schiapparelli
The first appereance of the new nomenclature. This map suggests waterways and land.
Chromolithography

The above maps were based on these drawings

1879 (publ. 1881)

Mappa Areographica 1879
Mercator Projection
G.V. Schiaparelli: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull’asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del pianeta Marte fatte nella Reale Specola di Brera in Milano coll’equatoriale di Merz. (Osservazioni dell’opposizione 1879-1880). Roma, coi tipi del Salviucci 1881. Rele Accademia dei Lincei Anno CCVXXVIII. pp109

Nix Olympica is on the map which is the most detailed one of his age. The description uses the term canal.

1881-82 (publ.1886)

G.V. Schiaparelli: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull’asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del pianeta Marte fatte nella Reale Specola di Brera in Milano coll’equatoriale di Merz (Opposizione 1881-1882. Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, Memorie della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Roma, 1886.

1883-84 (publ. 1896)

Mars 1883-84
Mercator Projection

schiaperelli_1884

Source
G. V. Sciapparelli: Memoria 6: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sulla topografia e costituzione del pianeta Marte …Memorie della Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali della R. Accademia dei Lincei, ser.3, v. 2, l0; ser.4, v. 3; ser.5, v. 2, 3. Roma 1896.

1886 (publ. 1897)

G.V. Schiaparelli: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull’asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del Pianeta Marte fatte nella Reale Specola di Brera in Milano coll’equatoriale di Merz (Opposizione del 1886). Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, Memorie della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Roma, ser.5a:v.2 (1897). p 425-

1888 (publ. 1899)

G.V. Schiaparelli: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull’asse di rotazione e sulla topografia e constituzione del Pianeta Marte fatte nella Reale Specola di Brera in Milano coll’equatoriale di Merz-Repsold (18 pollici) durante l’opposizione del 1888. Memorie della Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche … ser. 5, v. 3 (1899). p 187-

1890 (publ. 1910)

G.V. Schiaparelli: Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull’asse di rotazione e sulla topografia e constituzione del pianeta Marte fatte nella Reale Specola di Brera in Milano coll’equatoriale di Merz-Respold durante l’opposizione del 1890. Memorie della Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche … ser. 5, v. 8 (1910). p 101-

sciaparelli1890

Observation in 1890. G. Schiaparelli: Il Pianeta Marte. 1893. Natura ed Arte. 5/6 p41

Source of images

Popular reproductions

“1877-1888” (1893 repr)

Showing single and twin lines

French edition

Italian map. The same maps appeared in: G. Schiaparelli: Il Pianeta Marte. 1893. Natura ed Arte. 5/6 p41

schiaparelli_simple

Flammarion, C (1892) La planete Mars et ses condtions d’habilité. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils, Imprimeurs-libraries de l’observatoire de Paris.

Another Italian reproduction from “Le Piu Belle Pagine di Astronomia Popolare, Editore Ulrico Hoepli Milano 1953”. National Library, Rome

schiaparelli_d

German Edition

Russian Edition

The Hungarian edition from Pallas Nagylexikon (photo) 1896

The Hungarian edition from Pallas Nagylexikon (scan) 1896 Another scan

marstwincanals

Italian edition, showing the twin canals

1891 repr.

US Edition, in: Peck, W. 1891; A popular handbook and atlas of astronomy, designed as a complete guide to a knowledge of the heavenly bodies and as an aid to those possessing telescopes; New York

Reproduction courtesy Ton Lindemann

1898 reproduction

Reproduction in Flammarion, C. 1898(?); De wonderen des hemels; Zutphen

schiaparelli_1886_flammarion

Flammarion, C (1892) La planete Mars et ses condtions d’habilité. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils, Imprimeurs-libraries de l’observatoire de Paris. schiaparelli_fig194_flammarion

Source of originals: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008920018

Column name	Column description
Catalog ID (M)	N/A
Title	Title of map
Author	Name of mapper(s), or author, PI, map editor, illustrator, etc. with roles
Nationality	Nationality of author
Start date	Year when mapping began / or year or observation
Date of publication	Year of publication or completion of manusctipt (empty if not published yet)
Body	Target name (planetary body)
Online	Online references about the map
Projection	Projection of map. 2-hemisphere is shown here.
Scale	N/A
Orientation	Orientation of map [north up, south up] – only for historic maps (north: cartographic tradition, south: astronomical tradition)
Publication type	The type of work that contains the map. [standalone, journal, conference, atlas, book figure, book supplement, book plate, encyclopedia, multisheet, digital]
Type, purpose	Type of map purpose [generic, outreach, science, citizen, surface operation (pre mission), landing site (post mission), observer, opposition, index, reference, eclipse/transit/occultation] generic: not defined, outreach: maps for the general public made b
Primary Nomenclature	Laguage(s) of nomenclature displayed on the map [Latin, English etc., IAU, informal]. Latin for Latin nomenclature prior to IAU.
Ref (map)	Full reference of map publication or publication that contains the map
DOI	DOI number of map
ID (publication)	ID of map publication or figure number
Origin type	If this map is not original, the following codes are used: [L: language variant, N: new print, U: updated edition, C: copied / modified from another map, R: renovation map (digital version of paper map with slight changes), F facsimile. RP: republished in
Origin ID	Any maps that this map is based on or copied from. Database ID of original map.
Based on map	Name of mapper
Base (spacecraft, telescope)	Name of spacecraft / instrument
Original title	Title of map in original langage (if not English)
Publisher	Name of Publisher; manuscript or self-published. For journals and conferences, the name of the journal or conference.
Coverage	Coverage of map [global, hemispheric, regional, local, landing site, landing ellipse, traverse]
Target location	IAU name of target feature (if named) or near side, far side etc. (If nothing noted, it is global)
Country	Country of Publisher (original/translation)
Type, content	Type of map [photo, map, sketch map, drawing, globe, tactile, data]. Data for raster datasets. For vector data, see Feature DB. Drawing: no grid, scale, projection etc.
Image base	Base theme of the map [shaded relief, photomosaic, photo, none]
Theme	Theme of map [visual, albedo, radar, low sun, topography, elevation, geology, geomorphology, art, nomenclature reference, feature, landing site reference, opposition map, event (eclipse etc) etc.]. Low sun is optical photo with shadows and no albedo. Vis
Technique	Cartographic technique [imagemap, datamap, cartographic map, unit map, airbrush, pencil, line drawing/outline, contour lines, DEM, DIM, shaded relief / hillshading, raster data etc.]
Style	Details on style
Method	Method how the data was obtained
Mapping scale	Scale of mapping
Resolution	Raster dataset resoltion [m/pixel]
Short Reference	Short form of reference to the map publication
GIS / data	URL where GIS or original spatial data is
Data provider	N/A
Profession	Profession of author (for historic maps)
Designator	Sheet designator terms following Greeley and Batson (1990) Planetary Mapping. Cambridge University Press. – only if displayed on the map. First letter: target body, 5M: scale, 90/0 etc: center coordinates, OM – orthophotomosaic , T – Topographic data (nom
Control	Controlled, semi-controlled, uncontrolled
Note on control	Base of control
Series title	Title of map series
Number of maps (in work)	N/A
Number of quads	N/A
Quad ID	Quad ID (or quads IDs) contained on the map
Map Diameter	N/A
Map width cm	N/A
Map height cm	N/A
Map width px	N/A
Map height px	N/A
Base type	Type of instrument of observation of base data [naked eye, telescope, spacecraft, space telescope, lander]
Location of copy	Library or archive where manuscript or rare copy is kept
Ref (literature)	Reference – literature about the map, may be the source of data if the map is not available. Separated with # symbols.
Status (2017)	Status of mapping [complete, in progress, in review] (mostly for USGS maps)
Aim	Original aim of mapping, if available
Notes	Any comments, remarks [Long text, may be multiple paragraphs]
Secondary nomenclature	Other languages of the nomenclature
Nomenclature Notes	Remarks on nomenclature
Photo note	N/A
Reference frame	ID from RefFrames
web2	Online references about the map
web3	Online references about the map
web4	Online references about the map
ocentric/ographic	Map coordinate [planetographic, planetocentric]
N	N/A
S	N/A
W 360E	N/A
E 360E	N/A
W 180	N/A
E 180	N/A
W 360W	N/A
R 360W	N/A
fig1	N/A
fig1 caption	N/A
fig2	N/A
fig2 caption	N/A
fig3	N/A
fig3 caption	N/A
fig4	N/A
fig4 caption	N/A
fig5	N/A
fig5 caption	N/A
STATUS	N/A
Sum	$180

Column name

Column description

Catalog ID (M)

N/A

Title

Title of map

Author

Name of mapper(s), or author, PI, map editor, illustrator, etc. with roles

Nationality

Nationality of author

Start date

Year when mapping began / or year or observation

Date of publication

Year of publication or completion of manusctipt (empty if not published yet)

Body

Target name (planetary body)

Online

Online references about the map

Projection

Projection of map. 2-hemisphere is shown here.

Scale

N/A

Orientation

Orientation of map [north up, south up] – only for historic maps (north: cartographic tradition, south: astronomical tradition)

Publication type

The type of work that contains the map. [standalone, journal, conference, atlas, book figure, book supplement, book plate, encyclopedia, multisheet, digital]

Type, purpose

Type of map purpose [generic, outreach, science, citizen, surface operation (pre mission), landing site (post mission), observer, opposition, index, reference, eclipse/transit/occultation] generic: not defined, outreach: maps for the general public made b

Primary Nomenclature

Laguage(s) of nomenclature displayed on the map [Latin, English etc., IAU, informal]. Latin for Latin nomenclature prior to IAU.

Ref (map)

Full reference of map publication or publication that contains the map

DOI

DOI number of map

ID (publication)

ID of map publication or figure number

Origin type

If this map is not original, the following codes are used: [L: language variant, N: new print, U: updated edition, C: copied / modified from another map, R: renovation map (digital version of paper map with slight changes), F facsimile. RP: republished in

Origin ID

Any maps that this map is based on or copied from. Database ID of original map.

Based on map

Name of mapper

Base (spacecraft, telescope)

Name of spacecraft / instrument

Original title

Title of map in original langage (if not English)

Publisher

Name of Publisher; manuscript or self-published. For journals and conferences, the name of the journal or conference.

Coverage

Coverage of map [global, hemispheric, regional, local, landing site, landing ellipse, traverse]

Target location

IAU name of target feature (if named) or near side, far side etc. (If nothing noted, it is global)

Country

Country of Publisher (original/translation)

Type, content

Type of map [photo, map, sketch map, drawing, globe, tactile, data]. Data for raster datasets. For vector data, see Feature DB. Drawing: no grid, scale, projection etc.

Image base

Base theme of the map [shaded relief, photomosaic, photo, none]

Theme

Theme of map [visual, albedo, radar, low sun, topography, elevation, geology, geomorphology, art, nomenclature reference, feature, landing site reference, opposition map, event (eclipse etc) etc.]. Low sun is optical photo with shadows and no albedo. Vis

Technique

Cartographic technique [imagemap, datamap, cartographic map, unit map, airbrush, pencil, line drawing/outline, contour lines, DEM, DIM, shaded relief / hillshading, raster data etc.]

Style

Details on style

Method

Method how the data was obtained

Mapping scale

Scale of mapping

Resolution

Raster dataset resoltion [m/pixel]

Short Reference

Short form of reference to the map publication

GIS / data

URL where GIS or original spatial data is

Data provider

N/A

Profession

Profession of author (for historic maps)

Designator

Sheet designator terms following Greeley and Batson (1990) Planetary Mapping. Cambridge University Press. – only if displayed on the map. First letter: target body, 5M: scale, 90/0 etc: center coordinates, OM – orthophotomosaic , T – Topographic data (nom

Control

Controlled, semi-controlled, uncontrolled

Note on control

Base of control

Series title

Title of map series

Number of maps (in work)

N/A

Number of quads

N/A

Quad ID

Quad ID (or quads IDs) contained on the map

Map Diameter

N/A

Map width cm

N/A

Map height cm

N/A

Map width px

N/A

Map height px

N/A

Base type

Type of instrument of observation of base data [naked eye, telescope, spacecraft, space telescope, lander]

Location of copy

Library or archive where manuscript or rare copy is kept

Ref (literature)

Reference – literature about the map, may be the source of data if the map is not available. Separated with # symbols.

Status (2017)

Status of mapping [complete, in progress, in review] (mostly for USGS maps)

Aim

Original aim of mapping, if available

Notes

Any comments, remarks [Long text, may be multiple paragraphs]

Secondary nomenclature

Other languages of the nomenclature

Nomenclature Notes

Remarks on nomenclature

Photo note

N/A

Reference frame

ID from RefFrames

web2

Online references about the map

web3

Online references about the map

web4

Online references about the map

ocentric/ographic

Map coordinate [planetographic, planetocentric]

N/A

W 360E

N/A

E 360E

N/A

W 180

N/A

E 180

N/A

W 360W

N/A

R 360W

N/A

fig1

N/A

fig1 caption

N/A

fig2

N/A

fig2 caption

N/A

fig3

N/A

fig3 caption

N/A

fig4

N/A

fig4 caption

N/A

fig5

N/A

fig5 caption

N/A

STATUS

N/A

Sum

$180

Mars Maps by Schiaparelli (1877-1890)

1877 (publ. 1878)

1879 (publ. 1881)

1881-82 (publ.1886)

1883-84 (publ. 1896)

1886 (publ. 1897)

1888 (publ. 1899)

1890 (publ. 1910)

Popular reproductions

“1877-1888” (1893 repr)

1891 repr.

1898 reproduction

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