Lowell’s maps of Mars (1894-1905)

1894

Source: Lowell, P. 1895; Mars; Flagstaff
Image courtesy Ton Lindemann.


Nomenclature
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY

REGIONS

No.    Name
100  Aonius Sinus
7    Argyre 
168  Atlantis
15   Aurorae Sinus 
287  Ausonia
4    Dencalionis Regio 
268  Edom Promontorium 
194  Elysium
1    Fastigium Aryn 
229  Hadriaticum Mare 
240  Hammonis Cornu 
275  Hellas 
211  Hesperia 
205  Isidis Regio 
236  Japygia 
225  Lemuria 
207  Libya 
176  Mare Chronium 
165  Mare Cimmerium 
285  Mare Erythraeum 
283  Mare Icarium 
173  Mare Sirenum 
210  Mare Tyrrhenum 
20   Margaritifer Sinus 
103  Memnonia 
6    Noachis 
277  Oenotria 
88   Ogygis Regio 
286  Ophir
9    Protei Regio
5    Pyrrhae Regio
3    Sabaeus Sinus
2    Socratis Promontorium
233  Syrtis Major
237  Solis Promontorium
209  Syrtis Parva
27   Tempe
92   Thyle I.
177  Thyle II.
267  Xisuthri

CANALS
271 Acalandrus
84 Acampsis
10 Acesines
119 Achana
222 Achates
199 Achelous
284 Acheron
90 Acis
238 Aeolus
76 Aesis
192 Aethiops
43 Agathodaemon
273 Alpheus
87 Ambrosia
203 Amenthes
12 Amphrysus
54 Amystis
61 Anapus
161 Antaeus
242 Anubis
79 Araxes
144 Arges
244 Arosis
250 Arsanias
62 Artanes
243 Asopus
245 Astaboras
204 Astapus
156 Atax
224 Athesis
163 Avernus
73 Avus
162 Axius
148 Axon
57 Bactrus
S7 Baetis
86 Bathys
159 Bautis
143 Belus
198 Boreas
201 Boreosyrtis
129 Brontes
16 Caicus
189 Cambyses
22 Cantabras
232 Carpis
239 Casuentus
55 Catarrhactes
94 Cayster
221 Centrites
218 Cephissus
186 Cerberus
14 Cestrus
182 Chaboras
184 Chretes
42 Chrysas
49 Chrysorrhoas
212 Cinyphus
47 Clitumnus
64 Clodianus
160 Cophen
44 Coprates
40 Corax
164 Cyaneus
91 Cyrus
77 Daemon
260 Daix
258 Daradax
26 Dardanus
19 Dargamanes
264 Deuteronilus
172 Digentia
235 Dosaron
93 Drahonus
107 Elison
74 Eosphorus
18 Erannoboas
150 Erebus
141 Erinaeus
226 Erymanthus
104 Erynnis
256 Eulaeus
114 Eumenides
193 Eunostos
253 Euphrates
140 Eurymedon
213 Eurypus
142 Evenus
67 Fortunae
179 Gaesus
215 Galaesus
197 Galaxias
36 Ganges
48 Ganymede
13 Garrhuenus
122 Gigas
266 Gihon
63 Glaucus
105 Gorgon
145 Gyes
153 Hades
70 Halys
170 Harpasus
38 Hebe
181 Helisson
171 Heratemis
101 Herculis Columnae
261 Hiddekel
17 Hipparis
231 Hippus
234 Hyctanis
32 Hydaspes
34 Hydraotes
11 Hydriacus
227 Hylias
272 Hyllus
31 Hyphasis
35 Hypsas
102 Hyscus
30 Indus
68 Iris
95 Isis
28 Jamuna
80 Jaxartes
257 Labotas
155 Laestrygon
166 Leontes
202 Lethes
139 Liris
81 Maeander
270 Magon
97 Malva
263 Margus
127 Medus
106 Medusa
99 Mogrus
39 Nectar
135 Neda
206 Nepenthes
183 Nereides
167 Nestus
269 Neudrus
29 Nilokeras
246 Nilosyrtis
51 Nilus
188 Nymphaeus
8 Oceanus
21 Ochus
180 Opharus
149 Orcus
255 Orontes
230 Orosines
24 Oxus
191 Pactolus
169 Padargus
66 Palamnus
108 Parcae
274 Peneus
82 Phasis
247 Phison
251 Protonilus
175 Psychrus
121 Pyriphlegethon
220 Rha
178 Scamander
223 Sesamus
174 Simois
111 Sirenius
254 Sitacus
130 Steropes
196 Styx
89 Surius
157 Tartarus
228 Tedanius
112 Thermodon
133 Thyanis
125 Titan
72 Tithonius
208 Triton
276 Tyndis
241 Typhon
110 Ulysses
56 Uranius
219 Xanthus
OASES
59 Acherusia Palus
109 Aganippe Fons
128 Alcyonia
IS6 Ammonium
195 Aponi Fons
158 Aquae Apollinares
200 Aquae Calidae
131 Arachoti Fons
115 Arduenna
262 Arethusa Fons
278 Arsia Silva
117 Arsine
96 Astrae Lacus
134 Augila
123 Bandusiae Fons
98 Benacus Lacus
120 Biblis Fons
146 Castalia Fons
65 Ceraunius
187 Clepsydra Fons
60 Cyane Fons
217 Cynia Lacus
288 Daphne
124 Ferentinae Lucus
214 Flevo Lacus
46 Fons Juventae
83 Gallinaria Silva
116 Hercynia Silva
216 Hesperidum Lacus
147 Hibe
58 Hippocrene Fons
249 Hipponitis Palus
151 Hypelaeus
52 Labeatis Lacus
252 Lacus Ismenius
50 Lacus Lunae
78 Lacus Phoenicis
281 Lausonius Lacus
75 Lerne
190 Lucrinus Lacus
185 Lucus Angitiae
33 Lucus Feronia
138 Lucus Maricae
41 Maeisia Silva
69 Mapharitis
118 Mareotis
53 Meroe
45 Messeis Fons
132 Nitriae
113 Nodus Gordii
280 Nessonis Lacus
282 Nuba Lacus
23 Oxia Palus
279 Palicorum Lacus
25 Pallas Lacus
152 Propontis
265 Serapium
248 Sirbonis Lacus
259 Solis Fons
85 Solis Lacus
71 Tithonius Lacus
126 Trinythios
154 Trivium Charontis
137 Utopia


ARRANGED NUMERICALLY

1    Fastigium Aryn 
2    Socratis Promontorium 
3    Sabaeus Sinus 
4    Deucalionis Regio 
5    Pyrrhae Regio 
6    Noachis 
7    Argyre 
8    Oceanus 
9    Protei Regio 
10   Acesines 
11   Hydriacus 
12   Amphrysus 
13   Garrhuenus 
14   Cestrus 
15   Aurorae Sinus 
16   Caicus 
17   Hipparis 
18   Erannoboas 
19   Dargamanes 
20   Margaritifer Sinus 
21   Ochus 
22   Cantabras 
23   Oxia Palus 
24   Oxus 
25   Pallas Lacus 
26   Dardanus 
27   Tempe 
28   Jamuna 
29   Nilokeras 
30   Indus
31   Hyphasis 
32   Hydaspes 
33   Lucus Feronia 
34   Hydraotes 
35   Hypsas 
36   Ganges 
37   Baetis 
38   Hebe 
39   Nectar 
40   Corax 
41   Maeisia Silva 
42   Chrysas 
43   Agathodaemon 
44   Coprates 
45   Messeis Fons 
46   Fons Juventae 
47   Clitumnus 
48   Ganymede 
49   Chrysorrhoas 
50   Lacus Lunae 
51   Nilus 
52   Labeatis Lacus 
53   Meroe 
54   Amystis 
55   Catarrhactes 
56   Uranius 
57   Bactrus 
58   Hippocrene Fons 
59   Acherusia Palus 
60   Cyane Fons 
61   Anapus 
62   Artanes 
63   Glaucus 
64   Clodianus 
65   Ceraunius 
66   Palamnus 
67   Fortunae 
68   Iris 
69   Mapharitis 
70   Halys 
71   Tithonius Lacus 
72   Tithonius 
73   Avus 
74   Eosphorus 
75   Lerne 
76   Aesis 
77   Daemon 
78   Lacus Phoenicis 
79   Araxes 
80   Jaxartes 
81   Maeander 
82   Phasis 
83   Gallinaria Silva 
84   Acampsis 
85   Solis Lacus 
86   Bathys 
87   Ambrosia 
88   Ogygis Regio 
89   Surius 
90   Acis 
91   Cyrus 
92   Thyle I. 
93   Drahonus 
94   Cayster 
95   Isis 
96   Astrae Lacus 
97   Malva 
98   Benacus Lacus 
99   Mogrus 
100  Aonius Sinus 
101  Herculis Columnae 
102  Hyscus 
103  Memnonia 
104  Erynnis 
105  Gorgon 
106  Medusa 
107  Elison 
108  Parcae 
109  Aganippe Fons 
110  Ulysses 
111  Sirenius 
112  Thermodon 
113  Nodus Gordii 
114  Eumenides 
115  Arduenna 
116  Hercynia Silva 
117  Arsine 
118  Mareotis 
119  Achana 
120  Biblis Fons 
121  Pyriphlegethon 
122  Gigas 
123  Bandusiae Fons 
124  Ferentinae Lucus 
125  Titan 
126  Trinythios 
127  Medus 
128  Alcyonia 
129  Brontes 
130  Steropes 
131  Arachoti Fons 
132  Nitriae 
133  Thyanis 
134  Augila 
135  Neda 
137  Utopia
136  Ammonium 
138  Lucus Maricae 
139  Liris 
140  Eurymedon 
141  Erinaeus 
142  Evenus 
143  Belus 
144  Arges 
145  Gyes 
146  Castalia Fons 
147  Hibe 
148  Axon 
149  Orcus 
150  Erebus 
151  Hypelaeus 
152  Propontis 
153  Hades 
154  Trivium Charontis 
155  Laestrygon 
156  Atax 
157  Tartarus 
158  Aquae Apollinares 
159  Bautis 
160  Cophen 
161  Antaeus 
162  Axius 
163  Avernus 
164  Cyaneus 
165  Mare Cimmerium 
166  Leontes 
167  Nestus 
168  Atlantis 
169  Padargus 
170  Harpasus 
171  Heratemis 
172  Digentia 
173  Mare Sirenum 
174  Simois 
175  Psychrus 
176  Mare Chronium 
177  Thyle II. 
178  Scamander 
179  Gaesus 
180  Opharus 
181  Helisson 
182  Chaboras 
183  Nereides 
184  Chretes 
185  Lucus Angitiae 
186  Cerberus 
187  Clepsydra Fons 
188  Nymphaeus 
189  Cambyses 
190  Lucrinus Lacus 
191  Pactolus 
192  Aethiops 
193  Eunostos 
194  Elysium 
195  Aponi Fons 
196  Styx 
197  Galaxias 
198  Boreas 
199  Achelous 
200  Aquae Calidae 
201  Boreosyrtis 
202  Lethes 
203  Amenthes 
204  Astapus 
205  Isidis Regio 
206  Nepenthes 
207  Libya 
208  Triton 
209  Syrtis Parva 
210  Mare Tyrrhenum 
211  Hesperia 
212  Cinyphus 
213  Eurypus 
214  Flevo Lacus 
215  Galaesus 
216  Hesperidum Lacus 
217  Cynia Lacus 
218  Cephissus 
219  Xanthus 
220  Rha 
221  Centrites 
222  Achates 
223  Sesamus 
224  Athesis 
225  Lemuria 
226  Erymanthus 
227  Hylias 
228  Tedanius 
229  Hadriaticum Mare 
230  Orosines 
231  Hippus 
232  Carpis 
233  Syrtis Major 
234  Hyctanis 
235  Dosaron 
236  Japygia 
237  Solis Promontorium 
238  Aeolus 
239  Casuentus 
240  Hammonis Cornu 
241  Typhon 
242  Anubis 
243  Asopus 
244  Arosis 
245  Astaboras 
246  Nilosyrtis 
247  Phison 
248  Sirbonis Lacus 
249  Hipponitis Palus 
250  Arsanias 
251  Protonilus 
252  Lacus Ismenius 
253  Euphrates 
254  Sitacus 
255  Orontes 
256  Eulaeus 
257  Labotas 
258  Daradax 
259  Solis Fons 
260  Daix 
261  Hiddekel 
262  Arethusa Fons 
263  Margus 
264  Deuteronilus 
265  Serapium 
266  Gihon 
267  Xisuthri 
268  Edom Promontorium 
269  Neudrus 
270  Magon 
271  Acalandrus 
272  Hyllus 
273  Alpheus 
274  Peneus 
275  Hellas 
276  Tyndis 
277  Oenotria 
278  Arsia Silva 
279  Palicorum Lacus 
280  Nessonis Lacus 
281  Lausonius Lacus 
282  Nuba Lacus 
283  Mare Icarium 
284  Acheron 
285  Mare Erythraeum 
286  Ophir 
287  Ausonia 
288  Daphne

1905

Mars and its canals, by Percival Lowell.

Source: P Lowell: Mars and its canals. New York, Macmillan, 1906.

Mars 1896-1897. Annals of the Lowell Observatory, 1905, p. 3. Courtesy Lowell Observatory Archives. In: Lane M, Geographers of Mars  Isis  2005

Reproduction from: Volume II. I. Observations of the Planet Jupiter and its Satellites 1894 and 1895. II. Observations of the 1896 and 1897 made at Flagstaff, Arizona, and Tacubaya, Mexico. 41 plates, including one in color and 2 folding; 4 text illustrations. x, 523 pages. Cambridge: The University Press, 1900. —  Volume III. Observations of the Planet Mars during the Oppositions of 1894, 1896, 1898, 1901 and 1903 made at Flagstaff, Arizona. 18 plates; 76 text illustrations. xiv, 293, [1]; [2], 60 pages. Np, 1905.

Annotated map made from visual observations in 1905. The map also appears in: EC Slipher: The photographic story of Mars, Cambridge, Mass., Sky Pub. Corp., 1962.

lowell-drawing.jpg

A hemispheric color view of Mars, by P Lowell, 1905

Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ

Explanation
Column name Column description
Catalog ID (M) N/A
Title Title of map
Author Name of mapper(s), or author, PI, map editor, illustrator, etc. with roles
Nationality Nationality of author
Start date Year when mapping began / or year or observation
Date of publication Year of publication or completion of manusctipt (empty if not published yet)
Body Target name (planetary body)
Online Online references about the map
Projection Projection of map. 2-hemisphere is shown here.
Scale N/A
Orientation Orientation of map [north up, south up] – only for historic maps (north: cartographic tradition, south: astronomical tradition)
Publication type The type of work that contains the map. [standalone, journal, conference, atlas, book figure, book supplement, book plate, encyclopedia, multisheet, digital]
Type, purpose Type of map purpose [generic, outreach, science, citizen, surface operation (pre mission), landing site (post mission), observer, opposition, index, reference, eclipse/transit/occultation] generic: not defined, outreach: maps for the general public made b
Primary Nomenclature Laguage(s) of nomenclature displayed on the map [Latin, English etc., IAU, informal]. Latin for Latin nomenclature prior to IAU.
Ref (map) Full reference of map publication or publication that contains the map
DOI DOI number of map
ID (publication) ID of map publication or figure number
Origin type If this map is not original, the following codes are used: [L: language variant, N: new print, U: updated edition, C: copied / modified from another map, R: renovation map (digital version of paper map with slight changes), F facsimile. RP: republished in
Origin ID Any maps that this map is based on or copied from. Database ID of original map.
Based on map Name of mapper
Base (spacecraft, telescope) Name of spacecraft / instrument
Original title Title of map in original langage (if not English)
Publisher Name of Publisher; manuscript or self-published. For journals and conferences, the name of the journal or conference.
Coverage Coverage of map [global, hemispheric, regional, local, landing site, landing ellipse, traverse]
Target location IAU name of target feature (if named) or near side, far side etc. (If nothing noted, it is global)
Country Country of Publisher (original/translation)
Type, content Type of map [photo, map, sketch map, drawing, globe, tactile, data]. Data for raster datasets. For vector data, see Feature DB. Drawing: no grid, scale, projection etc.
Image base Base theme of the map [shaded relief, photomosaic, photo, none]
Theme Theme of map [visual, albedo, radar, low sun, topography, elevation, geology, geomorphology, art, nomenclature reference, feature, landing site reference, opposition map, event (eclipse etc) etc.]. Low sun is optical photo with shadows and no albedo. Vis
Technique Cartographic technique [imagemap, datamap, cartographic map, unit map, airbrush, pencil, line drawing/outline, contour lines, DEM, DIM, shaded relief / hillshading, raster data etc.]
Style Details on style
Method Method how the data was obtained
Mapping scale Scale of mapping
Resolution Raster dataset resoltion [m/pixel]
Short Reference Short form of reference to the map publication
GIS / data URL where GIS or original spatial data is
Data provider N/A
Profession Profession of author (for historic maps)
Designator Sheet designator terms following Greeley and Batson (1990) Planetary Mapping. Cambridge University Press. – only if displayed on the map. First letter: target body, 5M: scale, 90/0 etc: center coordinates, OM – orthophotomosaic , T – Topographic data (nom
Control Controlled, semi-controlled, uncontrolled
Note on control Base of control
Series title Title of map series
Number of maps (in work) N/A
Number of quads N/A
Quad ID Quad ID (or quads IDs) contained on the map
Map Diameter N/A
Map width cm N/A
Map height cm N/A
Map width px N/A
Map height px N/A
Base type Type of instrument of observation of base data [naked eye, telescope, spacecraft, space telescope, lander]
Location of copy Library or archive where manuscript or rare copy is kept
Ref (literature) Reference – literature about the map, may be the source of data if the map is not available. Separated with # symbols.
Status (2017) Status of mapping [complete, in progress, in review] (mostly for USGS maps)
Aim Original aim of mapping, if available
Notes Any comments, remarks [Long text, may be multiple paragraphs]
Secondary nomenclature Other languages of the nomenclature
Nomenclature Notes Remarks on nomenclature
Photo note N/A
Reference frame ID from RefFrames
web2 Online references about the map
web3 Online references about the map
web4 Online references about the map
ocentric/ographic Map coordinate [planetographic, planetocentric]
N N/A
S N/A
W 360E N/A
E 360E N/A
W 180 N/A
E 180 N/A
W 360W N/A
R 360W N/A
fig1 N/A
fig1 caption N/A
fig2 N/A
fig2 caption N/A
fig3 N/A
fig3 caption N/A
fig4 N/A
fig4 caption N/A
fig5 N/A
fig5 caption N/A
STATUS N/A
Sum $180